pillaiyar

காரட் யானை

carrot elephant

ayurvedic medicine for viral attack(H1N1)

WORRIED ABOUT VIRUS? want to prevent virus(H1N1) attack

It is impossible, to keep ourselves away when someone near and dear to usinfected by chicken pox (or) H1N1 (or) measles (or) dengu like.

To prevent viral attack - in indian ayurvedic medicine - suggests

• Grind 1 tea spoon of black pepper and 1 tea spoon of fenugreek into powder.
• Early morning and evening, take 1 tea spoon of mixed powder in the mouth and drink 1 cup of butter milk.

• Black pepper and fenugreek are both antiviral and toxin removers. take this health tonic for 7 days.
• Regular medicine takers can take their medicine after two hours of taking this tonic.

For H1N1 virus, add star anise (a type of spice) frequently in your food. Tamiflu, the medicine for swine flu is extracted from star anise.

FUNGI

FUNGI

Ultra structure and characteristics of fungi:

• It is a unicellular or multicellular eukaryotic cell.
• Example of unicellular fungal cell is yeast.
• Example of multicellular fungus is mould, rhizopus and aspergillus.
• They are fresh water and land living organisms.
• Fungi do not consist of any chloroplasts.
• It cannot synthesize its own food.
• It feeds by absorption or adsorption mode of nutrient.
• Study of fungus is known as mycology.

Distribution:

• It is a primary terrestrial organism.
• 3/4^th of this fungus interacts with plant roots. It is known as mycorrhizal interaction.
• Sometimes fungus may be interacted with algae. It is known as lichens.

Importance of fungus:

• Generally 90,000 species of fungus is distributed.
• They contain both beneficial and harmful effects.
• Beneficial effects:

In industries:

It is used in industries for preparation of fermented food.

Example: wine, beer, antibiotics etc.

Decomposition:

It easily degrades the complex compounds present in the soil.

Harmful effects:

• Highly pathogenic and causes infection to human, animals and plants.
• Food spoilage. Example: bread.

Structure of fungus:

• Body of fungus is known as thallus.
• Shape and size of thallus varies from species to species.
• Outer most layer is made up of chitin.
• Chitin substance consists of flexible nitrogen containing polysaccharides and n-acetyl glucosamine residues.
• Flagella are absent.

Yeast:

• It is a unicellular, eukaryotic organism.
• It consists of distinct nucleus.
• Its size is slightly greater than the bacterial cell.

Mold:

• It is a multicellular, eukaryotic organism.
• It has a long, filamentous and branched like structure.
• Generally hyphae are present in mycelium.
• Generally they are in aggregated (sticky) form.
• Hyphae sometimes consist of mycelial bodies.
• Hyphae moves and grows towards the cytoplasm. It is known as coenocytic fungus. Example: in mychorrhiza, root cells are penetrated by fungus.
• Some barriers in cell wall known as septae are present.
• During infection two kinds of fungi are formed.

1. yeast form (y- form)

2. mold form (m- form)

• y -form produces spores.
• M -form process hyphae.

Nutrient and metabolism of fungi:

Ø Fungi do not have chloroplasts.

• They exhibit saprophytic mode of nutrition.
• They feed on dead plants and animals.
• It converts complex substances to simple organic and inorganic compounds.
• It is a kind of biodegradation.
• It is eco-friendly.

Reproduction:

Ø It reproduces by two types:

i. Asexual reproduction

ii. Sexual reproduction

Asexual reproduction:

CELL DIVISION:

Parent cell divides into two daughter cells.

BUDDING:

Parent cell gives out some buds and bud separates out and develops into separate organism.

ASEXUAL SPORES:

It produces five types of spores.

1. Arthroconidal spores

2. Chlamydospores

3. Sporangiospores

4. Conidiospores

5. Blastospores

Arthroconidal spores:

Mature hypha separates from parent hyphae and develops into a complete organism.

Chlamydospores:

Mature hypha separates from parent cell along with cell wall.

Sporangiospores:

Spores forms sacs within the hyphae, and come out along with the sac.

Conidiospores:

Spores are released from hyphae by rupturing the cell wall of hyphae.

Blastospores:

Mature mother cell produces spores.

Sexual reproduction:

During sexual reproduction, hyphae form special parts known as gametogonia. Gametes are developed from gametogonia. Male and female gametes combined to form zygote.

VIRUS

VIRUS

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS:

• Virus is very much smaller than bacteria.
• It is an obligate parasite i.e. it can live only within the host.
• Both DNA and RNA act as a genetic material.
• Study of virus is known as virology.
• The body of virus is made up of lipids and proteins.

• Its body is known as viriods.

Structural properties:

• With the help of electron microscope, x-ray diffraction and some biochemical methods, structure of virus is studied.
• DNA of a virus is covered by capsid.
• Subunits of capsid are known as capsomeres. They are made up of proteins and are also known as proteomers.

Based upon structural properties, viruses are classified into four types:

i. Icosahedral shaped (20 equatorial triangles)

ii. Helical shaped (cylindrical)

iii. Complex shaped (tail, multilayer)

iv. Enveloped (spherical)

Icosahedral shaped virus:

• It is made up of 20 equatorial triangles.
• Outer layer is made up of capsid.
• In the corners, 5 protein subunits are present.
• In the center, 6 protein subunits are present.
• The protein subunits are known as capsomeres.
• Structure of capsomere is ring shaped.
• It consists of 252 capsomeres. Ex: Adenovirus, SV40.

HELICAL SHAPED VIRUS:

• It is a hollow tube shaped virus.

• Hollow tube is made up of proteins.
• Outer covering is known as capsid and is made up of proteins.
• Subunits of capsid are known as capsomeres.
• Diameter of TMV is 10 – 20 nm. 18 nm is occupied by capsomeres.
• Here, RNA acts as a genetic material.
• Generally RNA is helical, flexible and thin.
• Ex: TMV and Influenza virus.

Complex shaped virus:

• Ex: T_even phage l, T₂, T₄, bacteriophage.
• Icosahedral head is present.
• It consists of head, tail, tail pins, sheath and genetic material.
• Collar connects head to the helical sheath.
• Helical sheath is made up of complex proteins. It consists of several nucleotides, 24 rings, 18 proteins (144 copies).
• T1, T5 – Sheathless, base plate is absent.
• T3, T7 – No tail fibers.
• Tail pins contain some chemicals that can degrade cell wall of bacteria.

Enveloped virus:

• Ex: HIV virus, Influenza.
• Outer most layer of virus is called envelope.
• It consists of lipids and proteins.
• Lipid layer is derived from host cell.
• Protein is coded by gene.
• Generally, enveloped viruses have RNA as a genetic material.
• Spike is an external projection present on the envelope. It acts as a receptor for infection and binds to the host.
• They are known as spikes or paplomers.
• Spikes differ from species to species.
• Ex: 1. Haemoglutinin à recognize RBC wall and cause infection.
• 2. Neuraminidase spike à recognize mucous membrane of host.
• When enveloped viruses are treated with any solvents, spikes are easily degraded. Then it becomes non pathogenic.
• Diameter of virus is 10 nm.
• RNA dependent RNA polymerase is present in virus. Here, RNA is synthesized from RNA itself.
• Replicase, RNA transcriptase which are the enzymes necessary for the RNA synthesis are absent in virus. RNA dependent RNA polymerase is used for RNA synthesis.
• Polymerase enzyme undergoes proofreading and cleaves mismatch pairs.
• Infective portion of virus is known as viriods.